TheSaltyJournal: A Dinosaur's Color Revealed

Sinosauropteryx

Turkey-sized, carnivorous, bird-like and feathered, Sinosauropteryx is not only cute, but the first dinosaur (excluding birds) to have its color scientifically established.

In the year 1996, it was also the first dinosaur reported to have feathers.

Found in the Yixian Formation (130- to 123-million-year-old sediments in Liaoning Province in northeast China), scientists were enthralled.

The Yixian site has since produced thousands of feathery fossils for scientists to pour over.

(133号 Nanguan St, Yixian, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China, 121100)

In a recently released report by the Nature journal, an international team of paleontologists and experts in scanning electron micrography, inferred that this dinosaur had reddish orange feathers running along its back and a striped tail.

But why on earth would a dinosaur need a striped tail?

Well, think of the avian species we have walking the planet today. Think of the lyrebird, sporting a brilliantly striped tail, or think of various species of Paradise birds that sport brilliantly patterned plumage.

These species have such plumage for courtship displays, so we must assume that Sinosauropteryx also found use for stripes in this department.

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The feathers of Sinosauropteryx have been the subject of controversy ever since they were first described.

To the naked eye, the fossilized feathers are fine hairlike filaments that give the impression of being soft and downlike. Some researchers proposed that these structures were not feathers at all, however, but the remains of collagen from inside the tail.

The new study shows that these structures—visible in this fossil Sinosauropteryx as dark patches along the back and tail—are packed with melanosomes, pigment-carrying, sub-cellular structures found in the feathers of living birds but not in collagen.

This strengthens the argument that the fossil hairlike structures are protofeathers, an early stage in feather evolution before feathers had central shafts with vanes out to each side, as seen in modern birds.

The feather of an extinct Confuciusornis bird may have had colors similar to those in this modern feather from a zebra finch, according to the new study.
Feather color in Confuciusornis—an early beaked bird found in 120- to 130-million-year-old fossil beds in Liaoning Province, China—was inferred from microscopic melanosomes preserved in a fossil specimen.
Two types of melanosomes were found. Eumelanosomes (such as the finch eumelanosomes inset at left) are rodlike and associated with the colors black and grey in living birds. Phaeomelanosomes (inset right) are spherical and produce colors ranging from reddish brown to yellow. A lack of melanosomes makes white.
Using a scanning electron microscope, the researchers found that a fossilConfuciusornis feather contained both types of melanosomes and was likely multicolored in life.

An international team of researchers reported finding fossilized rod-shaped eumelanosomes, shown here in a scanning electron micrograph, and spherical phaeomelanosomes in 125-million-year-old fossil birds and dinosaurs from China.
Eumelanosomes and phaeomelanosomes are two types of sub-cellular structures called melanosomes that are packed with the dark pigment melanin. A close packing of eumelanosomes from the extinct bird Confuciusornissuggests black was part of its color pattern, the new Nature study says.
Melanosomes are found in abundance within the feathers of living birds, and they have been reported before in fossil feathers. (See "First Proof: Ancient Birds Had Iridescent Feathers.")
This is the first time, though, that melanosomes have been found in the fossilized feathers of non-avian dinosaurs—such as Sinosauropteryx andSinornithosaurus—and in the exquisitely preserved fossil birds from Liaoning Province, China.
Finding melanosomes in dinosaurs shows that the controversial hairlike structures seen in many feathered dinosaur fossils are indeed related to feathers. Analysis of fossilized melanosomes in creatures that lived and died millions of years ago promises to open up exciting new avenues of research and provide a glimpse into the previously unknown world of prehistoric color.